Green hydrogen guides

What is RFNBO? Rules, dates and examples

RFNBO stands for renewable fuel of non-biological origin: hydrogen, and fuels made from it, produced with renewable electricity. EU law counts it as renewable only if it meets three electricity rules and cuts emissions by at least 70%. This guide explains each rule, the key dates and a worked example.

minimum GHG saving vs fossil fuel

70%

minimum GHG saving vs fossil fuel

CO2e/MJ at most over the life cycle

28.2 g

CO2e/MJ at most over the life cycle

How to calculate LCOH: formula, inputs and a worked example

The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is the price per kilogram at which a project recovers all its costs over its life, including the return on capital. This guide explains the formula, the inputs that drive it and a full example for a 10 MW electrolyser.

LCOH of the example (nominal)

4.74 €/kg

LCOH of the example (nominal)

of the cost is electricity

51%

of the cost is electricity

How much does green hydrogen cost per kg?

Production cost, weekly indices, auction premiums and grey hydrogen: what each number means and what recent sources say, for Spain, Portugal and the EU.

renewable hydrogen in the EU, 2024 (EHO, ACER)

€6.7–8/kg

renewable hydrogen in the EU, 2024 (EHO, ACER)

MIBGAS IBHYX index, May–August 2026

€6.1–6.2/kg

MIBGAS IBHYX index, May–August 2026

PEM vs alkaline electrolyser: cost, consumption and lifetime

What each technology costs to install, how much electricity it uses, how long its stack lasts and what changes in the cost per kilogram, with recent figures from the IEA, the European Hydrogen Observatory and ACER.

alkaline, installed, 2024 (IEA, EHO)

€1,819–2,310/kW

alkaline, installed, 2024 (IEA, EHO)

PEM, installed, 2024 (IEA, EHO)

€2,365–2,503/kW

PEM, installed, 2024 (IEA, EHO)

Green hydrogen glossary

The terms you meet when you plan, finance or certify a renewable hydrogen project, explained in plain words: from LCOH and WACC to RFNBO, additionality and PPAs.